Abstract: We study a heavy piston of mass M that separates finitely many ideal, unit mass gas particles moving in two or three dimensions. Neishtadt and Sinai previously determined a method for finding this system's averaged equation and showed that its solutions oscillate periodically. Using averaging techniques, we prove that the actual motions of the piston converge in probability to the predicted averaged behavior on the time scale M^ {1/2} when M tends to infinity while the total energy of the system is bounded and the number of gas particles is fixed.
Abstract: We study a heavy piston that separates finitely many ideal gas particles moving inside a one-dimensional gas chamber. Using averaging techniques, we prove precise rates of convergence of the actual motions of the piston to its averaged behavior. The convergence is uniform over all initial conditions in a compact set. The results extend earlier work by Sinai and Neishtadt, who determined that the averaged behavior is periodic oscillation. In addition, we investigate the piston system when the particle interactions have been smoothed. The convergence to the averaged behavior again takes place uniformly, both over initial conditions and over the amount of smoothing.
Abstract: The Darboux–Christoffel formula is a closed-form expression for the kernel of the operator that projects onto the first N of a system of one-dimensional polynomials, orthonormal with respect to some weighting function. It is a key element in the theory of Gaussian integration and in the theory of discrete variable representation or Lagrangian mesh methods for diagonalizing quantum Hamiltonians of a few degrees of freedom. The one-dimensional Darboux–Christoffel formula turns out to have a generalization that is valid in a semiclassical or asymptotic sense for a wider class of orthonormal functions than orthonormal polynomials. This class consists of the bound eigenfunctions of one-dimensional Hamiltonians with time-reversal invariance, such as kinetic-plus-potential Hamiltonians. It also has certain generalizations involving the unbound eigenfunctions of such Hamiltonians.